Undocumented Californians Projected to Remain the Largest Group of Uninsured in the State in 2022

Press Coverage

Joint publication by the UC Berkeley Labor Center and UCLA Center for Health Policy Research

Even after the American Rescue Plan (ARP) substantially increases premium subsidies for health insurance coverage purchased through Covered California, large inequities remain in who has access to affordable coverage.

Nearly 3.2 million Californians will remain uninsured in 2022, or about 9.5% of the population age 0-64, according to our projections. The highest uninsured rates will be among undocumented Californians (65%) and those eligible only for insurance through Covered California (28%). These projections, using the California Simulation of Insurance Markets (CalSIM) model, take into account the projected economy in 2022 as the state recovers from the pandemic and recession and the associated impacts on coverage eligibility.

Undocumented Californians make up the largest group of the uninsured, with nearly 1.3 million individuals under the age of 65 projected to be uninsured, plus an additional 30,000 undocumented seniors age 65+ not included in our modeling.[1] Although fewer than one out of ten of all Californians are projected to lack insurance in 2022, nearly two out of three (65%) undocumented Californians age 0-64 will be uninsured.

Undocumented residents are excluded from federal ACA subsidy and Medicaid eligibility as well as the additional help available through the ARP. Additionally, non-citizens without a green card have much lower rates of job-based coverage than their citizen counterparts because they are more likely to work in industries and occupations that do not offer health insurance. (In California, low-income undocumented children and young adults are eligible for Medi-Cal under state policy, and those who have not enrolled are included in the Medi-Cal eligible uninsured group.)

The other eligibility group with a particularly high uninsured rate (28%) are the 800,000 Californians who are not eligible for Medi-Cal or employer-sponsored insurance but are eligible to purchase coverage through Covered California. While the ARP significantly improves premium affordability, some Californians will still be unable to afford the premiums with the additional subsidies, while others may not know they are eligible for financial assistance. In addition, ARP does not directly address the longstanding concerns with out-of-pocket affordability in the Marketplaces. As of June 2020, nearly 30% of Covered California enrollees were enrolled in a Bronze Plan with an $8,200 single deductible.

Most people receive help paying for insurance, either from the government or an employer. There are two groups of uninsured that receive no premium help, the largest being the more than a million undocumented Californians who are not offered job-based coverage and who are not eligible for Medi-Cal (which is available only to those with low-income under age 26). The only other group that receives no premium help is the approximately 170,000 people who are eligible for Covered California, but do not receive a subsidy because their premium already costs less than 8.5% of income. The vast majority of these individuals have income over 400% FPL.

In contrast to the high uninsured rates for undocumented Californians and those eligible for Covered California, approximately 5% of those eligible for Medi-Cal are uninsured, or approximately 610,000 uninsured compared to the more than 11 million Californians age 0-64 enrolled in full-scope Medi-Cal coverage.[2] These individuals may not realize they are eligible, face barriers in the enrollment process, or have other reasons for not enrolling. One barrier to Medi-Cal enrollment in recent years — the Trump Administration’s changes to the public charge rule — resulted in a chilling effect on enrollment by immigrant families that may persist even though the rule was recently permanently blocked.

Only 3% of those eligible for affordable employer coverage remain uninsured, or 480,000 compared to the nearly 18 million with employer coverage. Under the ACA, workers and their family members are ineligible for premium subsidies through Covered California if they are offered “affordable” employer coverage, which is defined as costing the worker less than 9.83% of income to purchase self-only coverage. However, these uninsured workers may still struggle to afford the premium contributions for themselves or family members.

Disparities also persist by racial/ethnic group and income. Latinos are projected to have an uninsured rate of 16% compared to uninsured rates of between 4% and 6% for all other racial and ethnic groups. Californians with income at or below 200% of the Federal Poverty Level (FPL) have a projected uninsured rate of 15% compared to 11% for those with income 201-400% FPL and 4% for those with income above 400% FPL.

Additional federal and state actions needed

The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the importance of ensuring that all Californians have health coverage. As the state explores options for the unified financing of health care, policymakers are simultaneously working toward universal coverage under the current system.

The American Rescue Plan is projected to increase the number of people insured through Covered California in 2022, but to cement those coverage gains Congress would need to make the additional federal premium subsidies permanent. To continue to improve premium and out-of-pocket affordability for those enrolled in the individual market and the 800,000 who are projected to continue to remain uninsured further action is needed from federal or state policymakers.

The biggest step the state could take to move California closer to universal coverage is expanding Medi-Cal regardless of immigration status. Since 2014, California policymakers have considered proposals to expand Medi-Cal eligibility to all low-income Californians regardless of immigration status and have taken important steps to expand coverage to children and young adults up to age 26. This policy is well-targeted to moving the state closer to universal coverage because 89% of low-income undocumented California adults lack insurance, and a majority of low-income undocumented adults (61%) have income in the Medi-Cal eligibility range, according to UCLA research. Furthermore, the vast majority of undocumented adults are already enrolled in restricted-scope Medi-Cal that covers emergency and pregnancy-related services and could be automatically transitioned to full benefits on the first day the policy is effective. If Medi-Cal were expanded to low-income adults of all ages, nearly 950,000 Californians would be projected to enroll, reducing the number of uninsured Californians by more than one-quarter.

Endnotes

[1] Many undocumented Californians report on surveys that they have Medi-Cal coverage; since undocumented Californians age 26 and older are generally only eligible for pregnancy or emergency Medi-Cal, which is not full insurance, we count them as uninsured. For more details, see page 4 of our 2018 report.

[2] These projections do not reflect the impact of the Medicaid continuous coverage requirement which began early in the pandemic and is projected to end by December 2021; this requirement may have resulted in an even higher Medi-Cal enrollment rate than usual.